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id="post-info"><h1 class="post-title">模电学习笔记（1）</h1><div id="post-meta"><div class="meta-firstline"><span class="post-meta-date"><i class="far fa-calendar-alt fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">发表于</span><time class="post-meta-date-created" datetime="2021-07-20T14:50:32.000Z" title="发表于 2021-07-20 22:50:32">2021-07-20</time><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><i class="fas fa-history fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">更新于</span><time class="post-meta-date-updated" datetime="2021-11-01T14:33:31.824Z" title="更新于 2021-11-01 22:33:31">2021-11-01</time></span><span class="post-meta-categories"><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><i class="fas fa-inbox fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><a class="post-meta-categories" href="/categories/%E6%A8%A1%E6%8B%9F%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF/">模拟电子技术</a></span></div><div class="meta-secondline"><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><span class="post-meta-wordcount"><i class="far fa-file-word 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itemprop="commentCount"></span></a></span></div></div></div></header><main class="layout" id="content-inner"><div id="post"><article class="post-content" id="article-container"><script src="\assets\js\APlayer.min.js"> </script><div class="note info flat"><p>模电的学习过程跟随上交大郑益慧老师的<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Gt411b7Zq">模电课程</a></p>
</div>

<div class="note info flat"><p>教材采用《模拟电子技术基础（第四版）》华英成、童诗白主编——高等教育出版社</p>
</div>
<h1 id="半导体基础"><a href="#半导体基础" class="headerlink" title="半导体基础"></a>半导体基础</h1><h2 id="一、本征半导体"><a href="#一、本征半导体" class="headerlink" title="一、本征半导体"></a>一、本征半导体</h2><p>&emsp;&emsp;本征半导体：指纯净的具有晶体结构的半导体。</p>
<p>&emsp;&emsp;本征激发：指半导体在热激发下产生自由电子和空穴对的现象。</p>
<h2 id="二、杂质半导体"><a href="#二、杂质半导体" class="headerlink" title="二、杂质半导体"></a>二、杂质半导体</h2><p>&emsp;&emsp;通过扩散工艺，在本征半导体中掺入少量合适的杂质元素，即可得到杂质半导体。控制掺入杂质元素的浓度，就可以控制杂质半导体的导电性能。</p>
<h3 id="N型半导体"><a href="#N型半导体" class="headerlink" title="N型半导体"></a>N型半导体</h3><p>&emsp;&emsp;在纯净的硅晶体当中掺入五价元素（如磷），使之取代晶格中硅原子的位置，就形成了N型半导体。事实上，当磷取代了硅的位置后，由于磷原子外层有5个电子，在常温下由于热激发，导致自由电子增多。此时自由电子为多数载流子（多子），空穴成为少数载流子（少子）。杂质原子提供电子，故称为施主电子。</p>
<p>&emsp;&emsp;N为Negative(负)的字头，由于电子带负电，故称之为N型半导体。</p>
<h3 id="P型半导体"><a href="#P型半导体" class="headerlink" title="P型半导体"></a>P型半导体</h3><p>&emsp;&emsp;同理，在纯净的硅原子当中掺入三价元素（如硼），使得空穴成为多子，自由电子成为少子。因杂质原子中的空位吸收电子，故称之为受主原子。</p>
<p>&emsp;&emsp;P为Positive(正)的字头，由于空穴带正电，故称之为P型半导体。</p>
<h2 id="三、PN结——空间电荷区（耗尽层、阻挡层）"><a href="#三、PN结——空间电荷区（耗尽层、阻挡层）" class="headerlink" title="三、PN结——空间电荷区（耗尽层、阻挡层）"></a>三、PN结——空间电荷区（耗尽层、阻挡层）</h2><p>&emsp;&emsp;PN结：采用不同的掺杂工艺，将以上两种半导体制作在同一块硅片上，在交界面就形成PN结。</p>
<p>&emsp;&emsp;PN结具有单向导电性。</p>
<p>&emsp;&emsp;由于浓度差所产生的扩散运动，两种半导体之间的载流子浓度差很大，因此P区空穴向N区扩散，N区自由电子向P区扩散。自由电子与空穴相互复合，在交界处附近的多子浓度下降，P区出现负离子区，N区出现正离子区，由于原子处于晶格当中无法移动，就形成了空间电荷区，从而形成内电场。</p>
<p>&emsp;&emsp;事实上，当N区的五价元素失去一个电子时，最外层剩下4个电子形成稳定结构，从而形成正离子。同理，当P区的三价元素得到一个电子时，最外层也为4个电子，从而形成负离子，就这样形成了内电场。</p>
<p>&emsp;&emsp;随着扩散运动的进行，空间电荷区加宽，内电场增强，方向由N区指向P区，正好阻止了扩散运动的进行。</p>
<p>&emsp;&emsp;多子做扩散运动，而少子穿过空间电荷区的运动被称为漂移运动。（简称：多子扩散，少子漂移。）</p>
<p>&emsp;&emsp;当两边半导体的掺杂程度相同时，则称这种PN结为<strong>对称结</strong>，相对应的还有<strong>不对称结</strong>。  </p>
<p>&emsp;&emsp;当二极管受外部的正向电压时（即从P指向N），外电场削弱内电场，二极管正向导通，同理，当二极管受外部的反向电压时（即N指向P）,外电场增强内电场，空间电荷区逐渐变宽，二极管反向截止。</p>
<h3 id="反向饱和电流"><a href="#反向饱和电流" class="headerlink" title="反向饱和电流"></a>反向饱和电流</h3><p>&emsp;&emsp;事实上去，当二极管受到反向电压时，少子的漂移运动增强，所以还是会产生微安级的电流，由于电流太小几乎可以忽略不计，而这一电流对温度比较敏感，这一电流被称作反向饱和电流。</p>
<p><img src= "" data-lazy-src="/img/modian/ejg/fatxqx.png"></p>
<p>&emsp;&emsp;上图画的过于理想，事实上在加上反向电压的时候，还存在一部分的反向饱和电流。并不是完全为零。</p>
<h3 id="PN结的电流方程"><a href="#PN结的电流方程" class="headerlink" title="PN结的电流方程"></a>PN结的电流方程</h3><p><img src= "" data-lazy-src="/img/modian/ejg/dlfc.png"></p>
<h2 id="四、PN结的伏安特性"><a href="#四、PN结的伏安特性" class="headerlink" title="四、PN结的伏安特性"></a>四、PN结的伏安特性</h2><p>&emsp;&emsp;锗管（Ge）的正向导通电压一般为：0.2-0.3V。</p>
<p>&emsp;&emsp;硅管（Si）的正向导通电压一般为：0.6-0.7V。</p>
<p>&emsp;&emsp;1、正向特性：死区</p>
<p>&emsp;&emsp;2、反向特性：反向击穿</p>
<h3 id="反向击穿"><a href="#反向击穿" class="headerlink" title="反向击穿"></a>反向击穿</h3><p>&emsp;&emsp;E=U/d</p>
<h4 id="雪崩击穿——掺杂浓度比较低的时候"><a href="#雪崩击穿——掺杂浓度比较低的时候" class="headerlink" title="雪崩击穿——掺杂浓度比较低的时候"></a>雪崩击穿——掺杂浓度比较低的时候</h4><p>&emsp;&emsp;当掺杂浓度比较低的时候，PN结由于反向电压而产生足够的宽度，则PN结则会变成类似与粒子加速器的效果，当自由电子进入PN结之后之后，在场强作用下速度加快，冲击价电子，价电子被冲击后形成自由电子，如此往复。</p>
<p>&emsp;&emsp;温度越高，雪崩击穿所需要的击穿电压就越高。雪崩击穿所需要的除了一定大的场强，还要有足够的距离供粒子加速。倘若加速的行程足够长，那么所需要的电压（场强）就越低。温度升高后，晶格结构也会开始运动，离子碰上晶格的概率增大，行程变短的概率也会增大。所以更短的距离就需要更大的电压以获取更多的能量。</p>
<h4 id="齐纳击穿——掺杂浓度比较高的时候"><a href="#齐纳击穿——掺杂浓度比较高的时候" class="headerlink" title="齐纳击穿——掺杂浓度比较高的时候"></a>齐纳击穿——掺杂浓度比较高的时候</h4><p>&emsp;&emsp;掺杂浓度比较高导致场强大，PN结距离短，只需 要很小的电压，直接将价电子从共价键当中拉出。</p>
<p>&emsp;&emsp;温度越高，齐纳击穿所需要的击穿电压就越低。温度越高，价电子本身的热运动加剧，更容易移动。</p>
<h4 id="热击穿"><a href="#热击穿" class="headerlink" title="热击穿"></a>热击穿</h4><p>&emsp;&emsp;反向击穿引起PN结温度升高，电流乘以PN结的电压就是PN结消耗的电功率（发热），温度过高导致PN结烧毁</p>
<h2 id="五、PN结的电容效应"><a href="#五、PN结的电容效应" class="headerlink" title="五、PN结的电容效应"></a>五、PN结的电容效应</h2><p>&emsp;&emsp;如果一个器件，随着电压变化，器件内储存的电量就变化，那么这一器件就表现出一种电容特性。</p>
<h3 id="势垒电容"><a href="#势垒电容" class="headerlink" title="势垒电容"></a>势垒电容</h3><p>&emsp;&emsp;反向电压逐渐增大，中间的PN结逐渐加宽，加宽的同时电荷量也在增加。这种电容效应发生在势垒当中，因此称之为<strong>势垒电容</strong>。</p>
<p><img src= "" data-lazy-src="/img/modian/ejg/sldr.png"></p>
<h3 id="扩散电容"><a href="#扩散电容" class="headerlink" title="扩散电容"></a>扩散电容</h3><p>&emsp;&emsp;PN结处于平衡状态时的少子被称之为平衡少子，当PN结处于正向偏置时，从P扩散到N的空穴和从N扩散到P的自由电子均被称为非平衡少子。当外加的正向电压一定时，靠近耗尽层交界面的非平衡少子浓度高，远离耗尽层的非平衡少子浓度低。形成浓度从高至低的浓度梯度（浓度差），从而形成了扩散电流。</p>
<p><img src= "" data-lazy-src="/img/modian/ejg/ksdr.png"></p>
<p>&emsp;&emsp;扩散区内，电荷的积累和释放过程与电容器充放电过程相同，这种电容效应称为<strong>扩散电容</strong></p>
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class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%B8%80%E3%80%81%E6%9C%AC%E5%BE%81%E5%8D%8A%E5%AF%BC%E4%BD%93"><span class="toc-number">1.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">一、本征半导体</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%81%E6%9D%82%E8%B4%A8%E5%8D%8A%E5%AF%BC%E4%BD%93"><span class="toc-number">1.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">二、杂质半导体</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#N%E5%9E%8B%E5%8D%8A%E5%AF%BC%E4%BD%93"><span class="toc-number">1.2.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">N型半导体</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#P%E5%9E%8B%E5%8D%8A%E5%AF%BC%E4%BD%93"><span class="toc-number">1.2.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">P型半导体</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%B8%89%E3%80%81PN%E7%BB%93%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E7%94%B5%E8%8D%B7%E5%8C%BA%EF%BC%88%E8%80%97%E5%B0%BD%E5%B1%82%E3%80%81%E9%98%BB%E6%8C%A1%E5%B1%82%EF%BC%89"><span class="toc-number">1.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">三、PN结——空间电荷区（耗尽层、阻挡层）</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%8F%8D%E5%90%91%E9%A5%B1%E5%92%8C%E7%94%B5%E6%B5%81"><span class="toc-number">1.3.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">反向饱和电流</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#PN%E7%BB%93%E7%9A%84%E7%94%B5%E6%B5%81%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B"><span class="toc-number">1.3.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">PN结的电流方程</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%9B%9B%E3%80%81PN%E7%BB%93%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%8F%E5%AE%89%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7"><span class="toc-number">1.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">四、PN结的伏安特性</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%8F%8D%E5%90%91%E5%87%BB%E7%A9%BF"><span class="toc-number">1.4.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">反向击穿</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E9%9B%AA%E5%B4%A9%E5%87%BB%E7%A9%BF%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E6%8E%BA%E6%9D%82%E6%B5%93%E5%BA%A6%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E4%BD%8E%E7%9A%84%E6%97%B6%E5%80%99"><span class="toc-number">1.4.1.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">雪崩击穿——掺杂浓度比较低的时候</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E9%BD%90%E7%BA%B3%E5%87%BB%E7%A9%BF%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E6%8E%BA%E6%9D%82%E6%B5%93%E5%BA%A6%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E9%AB%98%E7%9A%84%E6%97%B6%E5%80%99"><span class="toc-number">1.4.1.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">齐纳击穿——掺杂浓度比较高的时候</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%83%AD%E5%87%BB%E7%A9%BF"><span class="toc-number">1.4.1.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">热击穿</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BA%94%E3%80%81PN%E7%BB%93%E7%9A%84%E7%94%B5%E5%AE%B9%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94"><span class="toc-number">1.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">五、PN结的电容效应</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%8A%BF%E5%9E%92%E7%94%B5%E5%AE%B9"><span class="toc-number">1.5.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">势垒电容</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%89%A9%E6%95%A3%E7%94%B5%E5%AE%B9"><span class="toc-number">1.5.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">扩散电容</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></div></div><div class="card-widget card-recent-post"><div class="item-headline"><i class="fas fa-history"></i><span>最新文章</span></div><div class="aside-list"><div class="aside-list-item"><a class="thumbnail" href="/2022/04/12/STM32%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%E7%AC%94%E8%AE%B0%EF%BC%882%EF%BC%89/" title="STM32学习笔记（2）"><img src= "" data-lazy-src="/img/STM32.jpg" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='/img/404.jpg'" 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